Although it is a work for piano and orchestra, the piano is central throughout, and the orchestra plays a subordinate role. Like the Capriccio brillant in B major, Op. 22, it is structured in a single movement. It was completed in 1834 at the request of Ignaz Moscheles, a pianist who was both Mendelssohn's teacher and friend.

As the title suggests, it is a “brilliant” work, featuring intensely moving octaves and ceaselessly flowing arpeggios, designed to enhance the piano's virtuosic effect. Presto, 6/8 time.

The piece begins with an energetic fanfare introduction by the orchestra, followed by the rhythmic appearance of the piano's rondo theme. The orchestra repeats this theme. The piano then plays a transitional phrase, with the orchestra interjecting, driving the piece forward at a brisk tempo. A somewhat calmer secondary theme appears in B-flat major. After this undergoes a brilliant development, the main theme reappears in the piano. This is further developed, followed by the recapitulation of the secondary theme. The piece concludes majestically, forming a spectacular climax based on the main theme.