The second theme, which appears in the left hand from measure 12, contains the opening motif. Furthermore, there are passages where the theme is concealed, even when they appear to be secondary voices.

Score example provided by: Bärenreiter (Bärenreiter Verlag)

No. 3 in D Major

Bach's D major is a truly joyful key. The tempo is fast, it is vibrant, and full of joy. Its character becomes clear when one looks at works like the Well-Tempered Clavier (Books 1 and 2), Toccatas, and Sinfonias.

It is important to play this Invention joyfully, but to make it enjoyable for the listener, clear articulation and lightness are required. Lightness can be achieved by playing the eighth notes staccato. For the tempo, choose one that allows for the inclusion of ornaments without difficulty and proceeds with a light, brisk feel.

Regarding this Invention, the author is referring to the Henle edition, but the original score contains unusual phrase markings (slurs). In other Inventions, No. 15 also has slurs. What do these slurs signify? There are two possibilities that can be imagined:

• One possibility is that these markings instruct the performer to constantly be aware of the 3/4 time signature throughout the Invention. The opening phrase begins with two sixteenth notes, and if played carelessly, it can become unclear where the first beat falls. This interpretation suggests the slurs serve to maintain awareness of the beat.
• The other possibility is that they signify bowing, as in string instruments.

While the true reason why Bach wrote these slurs is unknown, I believe that adhering to this articulation can also contribute to a joyful performance.