This set of variations was almost certainly composed shortly after Burgmüller arrived in Paris and was published there in 1833. (Thus, regarding the year Burgmüller moved to Paris, while theories suggest either 1832 or 1834, the former is likely more probable.)

The theme used is the Polish patriotic song "Mazurka of May 3rd." In Poland, May 3rd commemorates the day the constitution was first adopted by the parliament in 1791.

Perhaps reflecting the patriotic nature of the theme, Burgmüller's variations include those in the style of a polonaise, as well as a krakowiak, another Polish folk dance.

Furthermore, a published score of Burgmüller's work titled "Introduction et Variations brillantes sur un Thème polonais," Op. 12, has been identified. Further investigation is needed to determine whether this piece is an alternative version of "Variations brillantes sur un Thème polonais" or a separate composition.